Thickness is measured in thousandths of an inch, also knows as "points." If you have 20-pt paper, it is 20/1000 or .020 inches thick. For reference, a business card is usually around 12 or 14 pt stock. This is normally only discussed when choosing paper for a cover.
A paper's weight, referred to as "bond," is a measure of sturdiness and not the actual weight. Regular paper that we use for most copies and letters is 20# bond. Business letterhead can be up to 32# bond. Card stock can be between 90# and 100#.
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